Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their energy and drama and the inborn danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Trio]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strongly modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are swift moving scenes that generate a fine deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most elaborate type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature sophisticated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Swift and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While awesome at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their force and drama and the natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Trio]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a intensely modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are swift moving scenes that generate a superb deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most elaborate type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Prompt and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While amazing at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their strength and drama and the natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Trio]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a good deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature sophisticated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Prompt and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While extraordinaire at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their energy and drama and the congenital danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police cruelty. [Trio]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strongly modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are swift moving scenes that generate a excellent deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most elaborate type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Prompt and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While exceptional at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their energy and drama and the natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police cruelty. [Trio]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a powerfully modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are swift moving scenes that generate a good deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature sophisticated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Prompt and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While extraordinaire at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police cruelty. [Three]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strongly modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are quick moving scenes that generate a fine deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature sophisticated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Swift and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While awesome at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the congenital danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police violence. [Three]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are prompt moving scenes that generate a superb deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most elaborate type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature sophisticated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While exceptional at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Trio]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a powerfully modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are quick moving scenes that generate a good deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most elaborate type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While astounding at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their strength and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Three]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a intensely modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are prompt moving scenes that generate a fine deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most elaborate type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While awesome at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their force and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police cruelty. [Three]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are prompt moving scenes that generate a excellent deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While astounding at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the inborn danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police violence. [Three]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strongly modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a excellent deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most elaborate type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature sophisticated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Swift and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While amazing at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the congenital danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Trio]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are prompt moving scenes that generate a excellent deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most elaborate type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Rapid and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While amazing at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their force and drama and the congenital danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police cruelty. [Trio]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are swift moving scenes that generate a good deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Prompt and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While exceptional at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their energy and drama and the natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Trio]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a intensely modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are quick moving scenes that generate a good deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Prompt and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While epic at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their force and drama and the congenital danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police cruelty. [Trio]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a intensely modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a good deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature sophisticated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While incredible at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their force and drama and the inborn danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Trio]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a intensely modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are quick moving scenes that generate a good deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Prompt and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While extraordinaire at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their energy and drama and the natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Trio]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a excellent deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature sophisticated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Prompt and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While exceptional at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their strength and drama and the congenital danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Three]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are swift moving scenes that generate a excellent deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Rapid and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While amazing at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their energy and drama and the congenital danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police violence. [Three]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are quick moving scenes that generate a fine deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Rapid and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While awesome at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their force and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police violence. [Trio]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a fine deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Prompt and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While extraordinaire at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police violence. [Three]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a good deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature sophisticated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Rapid and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While exceptional at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police cruelty. [Trio]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are quick moving scenes that generate a fine deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Swift and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While incredible at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Three]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strongly modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are prompt moving scenes that generate a fine deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While awesome at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their strength and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police violence. [Trio]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strongly modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a excellent deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While exceptional at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Trio]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strongly modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a fine deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most elaborate type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Prompt and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While incredible at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their strength and drama and the natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Trio]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are prompt moving scenes that generate a good deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While outstanding at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police cruelty. [Trio]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a powerfully modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are prompt moving scenes that generate a superb deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Prompt and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While astounding at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their force and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Trio]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strongly modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a good deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Prompt and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While extraordinaire at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the inborn danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Trio]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a powerfully modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are swift moving scenes that generate a excellent deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While epic at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their strength and drama and the inborn danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police violence. [Three]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are prompt moving scenes that generate a superb deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Swift and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While extraordinaire at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their force and drama and the natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police violence. [Trio]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are quick moving scenes that generate a superb deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most elaborate type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While epic at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their strength and drama and the inborn danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police violence. [Three]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are prompt moving scenes that generate a fine deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Rapid and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While incredible at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their force and drama and the inborn danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Trio]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a powerfully modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are prompt moving scenes that generate a good deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature sophisticated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While extraordinaire at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their strength and drama and the congenital danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Trio]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strongly modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a good deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Prompt and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While epic at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their energy and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police cruelty. [Three]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a intensely modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are prompt moving scenes that generate a good deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Rapid and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While astounding at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their force and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Trio]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strongly modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are quick moving scenes that generate a fine deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most elaborate type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While exceptional at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their force and drama and the inborn danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Three]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a intensely modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are quick moving scenes that generate a excellent deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most elaborate type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While extraordinaire at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their force and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Three]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a intensely modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are quick moving scenes that generate a good deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most elaborate type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Swift and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While epic at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their force and drama and the congenital danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Trio]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are swift moving scenes that generate a excellent deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Rapid and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While incredible at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their force and drama and the inborn danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Trio]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are swift moving scenes that generate a superb deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While amazing at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their energy and drama and the inborn danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Three]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a intensely modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are swift moving scenes that generate a superb deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature sophisticated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Swift and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While amazing at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the inborn danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Three]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a fine deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While outstanding at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their energy and drama and the inborn danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police cruelty. [Three]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strongly modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a fine deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most elaborate type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While exceptional at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their energy and drama and the congenital danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Three]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are swift moving scenes that generate a fine deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Swift and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While extraordinaire at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their energy and drama and the natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Three]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a intensely modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a fine deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While awesome at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their force and drama and the congenital danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Three]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strongly modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are swift moving scenes that generate a superb deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Swift and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While extraordinaire at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their strength and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Trio]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a powerfully modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are prompt moving scenes that generate a superb deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most elaborate type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While extraordinaire at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their energy and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police violence. [Three]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a intensely modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are quick moving scenes that generate a superb deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Rapid and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While outstanding at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their energy and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Trio]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strongly modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are quick moving scenes that generate a excellent deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature sophisticated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While exceptional at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the congenital danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Trio]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strongly modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a excellent deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While amazing at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their strength and drama and the natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Three]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a intensely modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a superb deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While amazing at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their energy and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police cruelty. [Three]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are quick moving scenes that generate a superb deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Rapid and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While extraordinaire at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their strength and drama and the inborn danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Trio]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strongly modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are swift moving scenes that generate a fine deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most elaborate type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Prompt and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While exceptional at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their force and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Trio]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a intensely modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are quick moving scenes that generate a excellent deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Prompt and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While incredible at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police cruelty. [Trio]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strongly modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are prompt moving scenes that generate a superb deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While exceptional at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the congenital danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Trio]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a intensely modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a good deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While exceptional at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their strength and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Trio]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are swift moving scenes that generate a fine deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature sophisticated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Rapid and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While outstanding at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their strength and drama and the inborn danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Three]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strongly modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a fine deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Prompt and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While amazing at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Three]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a intensely modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a superb deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most elaborate type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Rapid and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While incredible at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Three]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a intensely modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are swift moving scenes that generate a excellent deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most elaborate type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While outstanding at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the congenital danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police violence. [Three]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a powerfully modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are quick moving scenes that generate a excellent deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While epic at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police cruelty. [Trio]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strongly modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a superb deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Rapid and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While amazing at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their force and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police violence. [Trio]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are quick moving scenes that generate a superb deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most elaborate type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Prompt and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While extraordinaire at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their strength and drama and the natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police violence. [Three]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a powerfully modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a fine deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Rapid and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While amazing at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their force and drama and the inborn danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police violence. [Three]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strongly modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are prompt moving scenes that generate a excellent deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most elaborate type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Rapid and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While astounding at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their energy and drama and the congenital danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Three]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are swift moving scenes that generate a superb deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Swift and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While amazing at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their energy and drama and the inborn danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police violence. [Trio]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a powerfully modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are swift moving scenes that generate a good deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature sophisticated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Swift and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While outstanding at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their energy and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Trio]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a powerfully modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are swift moving scenes that generate a excellent deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature sophisticated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Prompt and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While astounding at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their force and drama and the inborn danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Three]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a powerfully modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a good deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature sophisticated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While exceptional at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Three]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strongly modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are prompt moving scenes that generate a good deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most elaborate type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Swift and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While exceptional at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their energy and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police violence. [Three]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a intensely modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a good deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most elaborate type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While astounding at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the inborn danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Three]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a powerfully modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are prompt moving scenes that generate a superb deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Swift and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While awesome at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their force and drama and the natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Trio]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are quick moving scenes that generate a good deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most elaborate type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature sophisticated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Swift and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While awesome at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their energy and drama and the congenital danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Trio]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strongly modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a excellent deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Rapid and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While epic at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the congenital danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Three]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a intensely modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are prompt moving scenes that generate a fine deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most elaborate type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Swift and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While exceptional at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the congenital danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police violence. [Three]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are swift moving scenes that generate a fine deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Swift and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While amazing at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their force and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police violence. [Trio]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strongly modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are quick moving scenes that generate a good deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Swift and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While outstanding at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the congenital danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Three]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strongly modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a superb deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature sophisticated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While amazing at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police cruelty. [Trio]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a powerfully modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are prompt moving scenes that generate a fine deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Prompt and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While epic at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police cruelty. [Three]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a intensely modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are prompt moving scenes that generate a fine deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Swift and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While amazing at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their energy and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police violence. [Trio]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a intensely modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a superb deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most elaborate type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Prompt and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While extraordinaire at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their force and drama and the natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Three]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a excellent deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Rapid and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While exceptional at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their energy and drama and the natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Trio]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a intensely modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are swift moving scenes that generate a excellent deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Swift and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While amazing at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their energy and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Three]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a intensely modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a good deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Swift and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While exceptional at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their strength and drama and the inborn danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Trio]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a fine deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Swift and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While incredible at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their strength and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police violence. [Three]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strongly modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are prompt moving scenes that generate a excellent deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Prompt and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While extraordinaire at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the all-natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police cruelty. [Three]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a intensely modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a fine deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Very likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature complicated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Rapid and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While extraordinaire at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the congenital danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Trio]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of harmless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are prompt moving scenes that generate a excellent deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Rapid and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While awesome at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their energy and drama and the congenital danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Trio]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strongly modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are prompt moving scenes that generate a excellent deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature sophisticated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Quick and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While awesome at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their energy and drama and the congenital danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police ferocity. [Trio]
Police use a number of technologies to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not give up.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strongly modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the guideline of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a fine deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature sophisticated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Swift and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While awesome at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their strength and drama and the natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police violence. [Trio]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a strenuously modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house possessed by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were originally powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of guiltless bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a excellent deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as however they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Rapid and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While extraordinaire at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enlargened car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their power and drama and the inborn danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police fierceness. [Trio]
Police use a number of technics to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, tho’ all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a powerfully modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the directive of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the act movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are rapid moving scenes that generate a fine deal of excitement and act, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far quicker than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enhanced the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne leap over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most complicated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no petite coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature elaborate large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Swift and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character budge from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While awesome at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the activity comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been announced the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following:
Car pursue
Car pursue
A car pursue is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century enhanced car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car pursues are often captured on news broadcast due to the movie footage recorded by police cars and police and media helicopters participating in the pursue. Car pursues are also a popular subject with media and audiences due to their strength and drama and the natural danger of high-speed driving.
Contents
Car pursues occur when a suspect attempts to use a vehicle to escape from law enforcement attempting to detain or arrest him or her. The assumed offence committed may range from misdemeanours such as traffic infractions to felonies as serious as murder. When the suspect realizes that they have been spotted by law enforcement, they attempt to lose their pursuers by driving away, sometimes at high speed. In 2002, seven hundred pursuits were reported in the city of Los Angeles. [1]
Los Angeles television station KCAL reported a quadrupling of ratings when police pursuits aired. [Two] Police officials have asked news media to reduce coverage of pursues, claiming that they encourage suspects to flee and inciting gawkers to possibly get in the way of the pursuit, while the media responds that coverage of pursues provides a public service and provide a deterrent to police cruelty. [Trio]
Police use a number of mechanisms to end pursues, from pleading with the driver, waiting for the driver’s vehicle to run out of fuel, or hoping the driver’s vehicle becomes somehow disabled to more forceful methods such as boxing in the vehicle with police cruisers, ramming the vehicle, the PIT maneuver, shooting out the tires, or the use of spike strips, however all efforts, many of which pose risk to all involved as well as bystanders, will be aimed at avoiding danger to civilians. When available, a helicopter may be employed, which in some cases, may go after the vehicle from above while ground units may or may not be involved. The StarChase system as of summer two thousand nine was in use by the Arizona Department of Public Safety. [Four]
The February two thousand five Macquarie Fields riots occurred in Sydney, Australia after a local driver crashed a stolen vehicle into a tree, killing his two passengers following a high-speed police pursuit. The death of university student Clea Rose following a police pursue in Canberra sparked major recriminations over police pursuit policies. Ole Christian Bach was found shot and killed in Sweden in a presumed suicide after he had been followed in a car pursue by Swedish undercover police.
Reality television has combined with the car pursue genre in a number of television shows and specials featuring real footage, mostly taken from police cruisers and law enforcement or media helicopters of suspects fleeing police.
One notable, recorded police pursue occurred when an M60 Patton tank was stolen by Shawn Nelson from an Army National Guard armory, on May 17, 1995. Nelson went on a rampage through San Diego, California, with the massive tank crushing numerous civilian vehicles before becoming stuck on a road divider. Police were able to get aboard the tank and open the hatch, killing the suspect when he would not capitulate.
On June Four, 2004, welder Marvin Heemeyer went on a rampage in a intensely modified bulldozer in Granby, Colorado, wrecking thirteen buildings including the town hall, the public library, a bank, a concrete batch plant, and a house wielded by the town’s former mayor, resulting in over $ seven million in harm. The police were primarily powerless, as none of their weapons could penetrate the suspect’s vehicle. However, the bulldozer’s engine failed and the machine became stuck, so Heemeyer committed suicide by gunshot.
On July 27, 2007, at exactly 12:46:20 p.m. MST in Phoenix, Arizona, two helicopters crashed in mid air. Both are AS-350 AStar helicopters from KNXV-TV (the area’s ABC affiliate) and KTVK (an independent, but was the ABC affiliate until losing it to KNXV in 1995) news stations collided in mid-air above Steele Indian School Park in Phoenix, Arizona while covering a police pursuit. [Five] [6] Four people were killed: KTVK pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox; and pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak of KNXV. [7] No one on the ground was injured. [8]
On September 28, 2012, Fox News aired a live police pursue in Arizona which ended in the suspect exiting the vehicle and shooting himself after a brief foot pursue. Fox News was airing it in a five-second delay instead of a normal ten-second delay, which resulted in the shooting being aired on a live broadcast of the Fox Report. Shepard Smith soon apologized for the broadcast and vowed to never let it happen again. [9]
Risks and legal considerations Edit
High-speed car pursues are recognized as a road safety problem, as vehicles not involved in the pursuit or pedestrians or street furniture may be hit by the elusive driver, who will often crack a number of traffic laws, often repeatedly, in their attempt to escape, or by the pursuing police cars. In the UK, it is estimated that forty people a year are killed in road traffic incidents involving police, most as a result of a police pursuit. [Ten] In the United States, chase-related deaths range inbetween three hundred and four hundred people per year. [11]
Kristie’s Law is a proposed California law that would restrict immunity for harm (including injuries or deaths) caused by high-speed pursuits, where law enforcement agencies have established, but not followed, written pursuit policies.
In 2007, the United States Supreme Court held in Scott v. Harris (550 U.S. 372) that a "police officer’s attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car pursue that menaces the lives of virginal bystanders does not crack the Fourth Amendment, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death."
In most common law jurisdictions, the fireman’s rule prevents police officers injured in such pursuits from filing civil lawsuits for monetary damages against the fleeing suspects, because such injuries are supposed to be an inherent risk of the job. Public outrage at such immunity has resulted in statutory exceptions. One example is California Civil Code Section 1714.9 (enacted 1982), which reinstates liability where the suspect knew or should have known that the police were present.
Policy on what circumstances justify a high-speed pursuit differ by jurisdiction. Some safety advocates want to restrict risky pursues to violent felonies. [11] Another option is to use technology to end or avoid the need for such pursues. For example, vehicles can be tracked by aircraft or GPS tagging device like StarChase, permitting police agencies to reliably intercept suspects using stationary blockades, lower-speed vehicles, or when the vehicle is parked.
Inter-jurisdictional pursuits and policy issues Edit
One particular hazard that is attendant to police pursuits is the problem of numerous law enforcement agencies becoming involved in a car pursue that crosses municipal and jurisdictional boundaries. This is often complicated by radio communication incompatibility and policy differences in the various departments involved in a pursuit.
The city of Dallas, Texas was the very first major city in the United States to adopt an "Inter-Jurisdictional Pursuit Policy" to address the problems inherent in car pursues that involved more that one law enforcement agency. In August 1984, the Dallas Police Department’s Planning and Research Division, under the instruction of Captain Rick Stone, began crafting a policy that more than twenty (20) local law enforcement agencies could agree to abide by when car pursues crossed their borders. The result was a model policy that became the standard for use by police departments around the country. [12]
In Europe, as many national borders no longer have border stations, car pursues may sometimes cross national boundaries. States often have agreements in place where the police of one state can proceed the pursue across the national boundary. [ citation needed ]
In film and television, the term "car pursue" refers to a scene involving one or more automobiles pursuing one another; the pursue may or may not involve a police car. Car pursues are a staple of the activity movie genre, and feature-length films have been built entirely around car pursues, often featuring high-powered, exotic vehicles. They are popular because they are quick moving scenes that generate a good deal of excitement and activity, due to the speed of the vehicles involved, and the potential collisions and the debris resulting from the wreckage, while not being hugely expensive to stage.
Albeit car pursues on film were staged as early as the motor vehicle itself, the consensus among historians and film critics is that the very first modern car pursue movie was 1968’s Bullitt. [13] [14] [15] [16] The revolutionary 10-minute-long pursue scene in Bullitt was far longer and far swifter than what had gone before, and placed cameras so that the audience felt as tho’ they were inwards the cars. Even during the most calamitous scenes, the starlet – Steve McQueen – could be clearly seen at the wheel of the vehicle.
The French Connection further enlargened the realism. While previous pursues had obviously been filmed on closed roads, isolated highways, or Sunday mornings (including Bullitt), The French Connection placed the pursue in the midst of busy Fresh York traffic and pedestrians. The producer of both Bullitt and The French Connection, Philip D’Antoni, went on to direct The Seven-Ups with yet another trademark pursue sequence through Fresh York featuring Roy Scheider from The French Connection as well as Bill Hickman, one of the drivers who had previously appeared in Bullitt.
As time went on, so did the expectations of the movie car pursue. Since Bullitt, car pursues featured in movies have become more advanced and arguably more entertaining. Car crashes have also formed an increasingly significant role, with the destruction of any vehicle often coming as a delight to the viewer. An early example of a staged but startling accident in a movie pursue can be found in the one thousand nine hundred seventy four movie McQ, which featured an incredible rollover, the very first cannon rollover in fact, across a beach. The spectacle came at a cost, however, for stunt driver Hal Needham, who sustained numerous injuries after setting the explosives too high.
Eventually this resulted in movies which are not much more than a series of linked car pursues, such as the one thousand nine hundred seventy four film Gone in sixty Seconds, which culminated in a 40-minute car pursue scene with numerous crashes (some of them unplanned, real accidents) and a 30-foot-high, 128-feet-long airborne hop over crashed cars that block a road.
Arguably the most typical car pursue is one in which a car is being pursued by police cars. In part because car pursues are so common many movie makers attempt to introduce a fresh twists to them. One of the most famous variations is from The French Connection and involves a car pursuing an elevated train. Pursues involving buses, trucks, snowmobiles, trains, tanks, and virtually every other type of vehicle (with or without wheels) have appeared at some point.
Most likely the most sophisticated type of car pursue involves going the wrong way at high speed against moderately congested freeway traffic, most notably in To Live and Die in L.A. and Ronin which, by no puny coincidence, were directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection) and John Frankenheimer (French Connection II), respectively.
Several films that feature sophisticated large-scale pursues involving a lot of vehicles in the pursuit include The Blues Brothers, The Transporter, Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Road Warrior, and The Prompt and the Furious series. Another method of escalating a car pursue scene is to have a character stir from one vehicle to another and to fight in or on top of a moving vehicle as the Wachowskis employed very effectively in The Matrix Reloaded.
A number of television shows have been built around the popularity of car pursues, such as The Dukes of Hazzard, Knight Rider, Airwolf, and most recently, Pursue.
In more modern times, the use of computer-generated imagery is becoming increasingly popular, and, albeit costly, eliminates any danger level. While epic at times, it is often argued that it eliminates the realism of the pursue scene, which can then in turn harm the established thrill factor. Latest examples of this computer-generated imagery can be found in the Michael Bay films Bad Boys II and The Island. An example of a lower budget film using computer-generated imagery in a car pursue is RSTC: Reserve Spy Training Corps. Driven was particularly panned for its CGI car pursue sequences. Such criticism has affected latest Hollywood productions; for example, films like Ronin, The Bourne Supremacy, The Kingdom, and The Dark Knight all had actual live-action pursues with minimal use of CGI, if at all.
In the act comedy film Hot Fuzz, the scene in which Sergeant Angel pursues the speeding car has been proclaimed the shortest car pursue in film history. The brevity of the scene, as acknowledged in interviews, was itself the joke.
Certain racing computer and movie games with police cars have car pursue (pursuit) racing/evasion modes. Notable examples of such games include the following: